History section: China.
Prefects usually reported to the local magistrate, just as modern police report to judges.
That's pathetic. Seriously? Foo usually reported to the local Bar, just as modern police report to judges. Nothing in the China section has anything to do with policing, except that the people who personally investigated crimes on behalf of the emperor were not the people who personally took arguments before the magistrate, and none of them had anything to do with security. Prefects = lawyers, not cops.
History section: Ancient Greece.
In Ancient Greece, publicly owned slaves were used by magistrates as police. ... Other duties associated with modern policing, such as investigating crimes, were left to the citizens themselves.
The "..." is where they explain that the magistrates' personal gang of thugs were his bailiffs, and not like police at all. Hell, calling him a magistrate is pretty generous, he's basically there to kill anyone who fails to pay their taxes.
History section: Rome.
In most of the Empire, the Army, rather than a dedicated police organization, provided security.
Plus, private people including senators also had paid gangs to "enforce" various things which may or may not be the law at the time.
History section: Spain.
A treatise on how medieval Spain did not have any police, so the locals did it all themselves, sometimes by forming a local organisation of armed citizens to beat the shit out of miscreants and non-Catholics.
History section: Germany, goes to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehmic_court
So, in the German states, random people with sufficient power set themselves up as secret courts and murdered anyone who they didn't like. For centuries. Legally so, in that stuff like that wasn't technically against any law, in that law was a pretty fuzzy concept in such times. First outlawed in 1811. Just two hundred years ago.
History section: France.
The first police force in the modern sense was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe.
By which they mean, keep the poor people in their fucking place. Also, they were the city planners, responsible for stopping plague and famine and keeping the water on, and so on. So they're like a modern city council, only with lethal force at hand should you disagree with their mandates.
History section: England.
In London, night watchmen were the first paid law enforcement body in the country, augmenting the force of unpaid constables. They guarded the streets from 1663.
The constables being what I said earlier, when some fat old baron can't fulfil his duties to kill anyone who steps out of place by force of arms, he can appoint another person to do it for him. It's an actual murderocracy, where the reward for killing the right people is the right to kill people without offending anyone who matters.
History section: United States.
In the colonial period, policing was provided by elected sheriffs and local militias.
Still, in the fucking 17th century, the standard is that you appoint a pseudo-noble and he leads the fucking army to quell any rebellion and reluctance around taxation. Everything else is just dealt with by local people dragging their problems before some sort of judge or another (who in many parts of the world is just some hereditary asshole with no actual training or anything).